The main two advancements in NextGen SIEM are related to the architecture and the analytics components. There are multiple use cases in which a SIEM can mitigate cyber risk. Exabeam SIEM features. What is SIEM? SIEM is short for Security Information and Event Management. Papertrail is a cloud-based log management tool that works with any operating system. Luckily, thanks to the collection, normalization, and organization of log data, SIEM tools can help simplify the compliance reporting process. SIEM systems are highly valuable in helping to spot attacks by sifting through raw log file data and coming up with relevant. For more advanced functionality, AlienVault Unified Security Management (USM) builds on OSSIM with these additional. to the SIEM. Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) is a specialized device or software used for security monitoring; it collects, correlates, and helps security analysts analyze logs from multiple systems. Highlighting the limitations or challenges of normalization in MA-SIEM and SIEM in a network containing a lot of log data to be normalized. Great article! By the way, NXLog does normalization to sources from many platforms, be it Windows, Linux, Android, and more. Develop identifying criteria for all evidence such as serial number, hostname, and IP address. Take a simple correlation activity: If we see Event A followed by Event B, then we generate an alert. Rule/Correlation Engine. . Data aggregationI will continue my rant on normalization and SIEM over […] Pingback by Raffy’s Computer Security Blog » My Splunk Blog — December 3, 2007 @ 4:02 pm. Prioritize. Security information and event management, or SIEM, is a security solution that helps organizations recognize and address potential security threats and vulnerabilities before they have a chance to disrupt business operations. Everything should be correct in LogPoint were we’ve put in all the normalization policys for the log source. SIEM software centrally collects, stores, and analyzes logs from perimeter to end user, and monitors for security threats in real time. Real-time Alerting : One of SIEM's standout features is its. “Excited for the announcement at Siem Lelum about to begin #crdhousing @CMHC_ca @BC_Housing @lisahelps @MinSocDevCMHC @MayorPrice”Siem Lelum - Fundraising and Events, Victoria, British Columbia. d. Real-time Alerting : One of SIEM's standout features is its. SIEM systems help enterprise security teams detect user behavior anomalies and use artificial intelligence (AI) to. The final part of section 3 provides students with the conceptsSIEM, also known as Security Information and Event Management, is a popular tool used by many organizations to identify and stop suspicious activity on their networks. We can edit the logs coming here before sending them to the destination. Normalization, on the other hand, is required. Top Open Source SIEM Tools. . Juniper Networks SIEM. Detecting polymorphic code and zero-days, automatic parsing, and log normalization can establish patterns that are collected. Event Name: Specifies the. This is focused on the transformation. SIEM software provides the capabilities needed to monitor infrastructure and users, identify anomalies, and alert the relevant stakeholders. For example, if we want to get only status codes from a web server logs, we. Security events are documented in a dictionary format and can be used as a reference while mapping data sources to data analytics. Litigation purposes. Normalization translates log events of any form into a LogPoint vocabulary or representation. Detect and remediate security incidents quickly and for a lower cost of ownership. Normalization maps log messages from numerous systems into a common data model, enabling organizations to. Consolidation and Correlation. maps log messages from different systems into a common data model, enabling the org to connect and analyze related events, even if they are initially. Log normalization is a crucial step in log analysis. Comprehensive advanced correlation. 3. This step ensures that all information. I've seen Elastic used as a component to build a SOC upon, not just the SIEM. The normalization process involves processing the logs into a readable and structured format, extracting important data from them, and mapping the information to standard fields in a database. cls-1 {fill:%23313335} By Admin. In addition to alerts, SIEM tools provide live analysis of an organization’s security posture. The biggest benefits. For more advanced functionality, AlienVault Unified Security Management (USM) builds on OSSIM with these additional. Indeed, SIEM comprises many security technologies, and implementing. . Capabilities. Normalization merges events containing different data into a reduced format which contains common event attributes. Create such reports with. Cloud SIEM analyzes operational and security logs in real time—regardless of their volume—while utilizing curated, out-of-the-box integrations and rules to detect threats and investigate them. You can try to confirm that Palo are sending logs for logpoint and se if it’s only normalization or lack of logs. NOTE: It's important that you select the latest file. What are risks associated with the use of a honeypot?Further functionalities are enrichment with context data, normalization of heterogeneous data sources, reporting, alerting, and automatic incident response capabilities. Normalization and Analytics. the event of attacks. Investigate. Part of this includes normalization. Various types of data normalization exist, each with its own unique purpose. Although most DSMs include native log sending capability,. Explore security use cases and discover security content to start address threats and challenges. . SIEM Defined. normalization, enrichment and actioning of data about potential attackers and their. It allows businesses to generate reports containing security information about their entire IT. Normalization is what allows you to perform queries across events collected from varied sources (for example, “Show all events where the source IP is 192. Virtual environments, physical hardware, private cloud, private zone in a public cloud, or public cloud (e. It is an arrangement of services and tools that help a security team or security operations center (SOC) collect and analyze security data as well as create policies and design notifications. Which SIEM function tries to tie events together? Correlation. It ensures seamless data flow and enables centralized data collection, continuous endpoint monitoring and analysis, and security. Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) is an indispensable component of robust cybersecurity. The project also provides a Common Information Model (CIM) that can be used for data engineers during data normalization procedures to allow security analysts to query and analyze data across diverse data sources. normalization in an SIEM is vital b ecause it helps in log. We use the Common Event Format (CEF), a de facto industry standard developed by ArcSight from expertise gained over decades of building 300+ connectors across dozens ofWhat is QRadar? IBM QRadar is an enterprise security information and event management (SIEM) product. Data Normalization. Use a single dashboard to display DevOps content, business metrics, and security content. We refer to the result of the parsing process as a field dictionary. QRadar can correlate and contextualize events based on similar types of eventsThe SIEM anomaly and visibility detection features are also worth mentioning. readiness and preparedness b. LogPoint normalizes logs in parallel: An installation. Cisco Discussion, Exam 200-201 topic 1 question 11 discussion. LogRhythm SIEM Self-Hosted SIEM Platform. Validate the IP address of the threat actor to determine if it is viable. The Alert normalization helps the analysts to understand the context and makes it easier to maintain all handbook guidelines. Post normalization, it correlates the data, looking for patterns, relationships, and potential security incidents across the vast logs. SIEM is cybersecurity technology that provides a single, streamlined view of your data, insight into security activities, and operational capabilities so you can stay ahead of cyber threats. Consider how many individuals components make up your IT environment—every application, login port, databases, and device. Q6) What is the goal of SIEM tuning ? To get the SIEM to sort out all false-positive offenses so only those that need to be investigated are presented to the investigators; Q7) True or False. The SIEM logs are displayed as Fabric logs in Log View and can be used when generating reports. Log Aggregation and Normalization. The CIM is implemented as an add-on that contains a collection of data models, documentation, and tools that support the consistent, normalized treatment of data for maximum efficiency at search time. Anna. Bandwidth and storage efficiencies. Highlight the ESM in the user interface and click System Properties, Rules Update. SIEMs focus on curating, analyzing, and filtering that data before it gets to the end-user. SIEMonster is based on open source technology and is. php. 2. Out-of-the-box reports also make it easy to outline security-related threats and events, allowing IT professionals to create competent prevention plans. Most SIEM tools offer a. This event management and security information software provide a feature-rich SIEM with correlation, normalization, and event collection. Includes an alert mechanism to notify. A SIEM solution collects, stores, and analyzes this information to gain deeper insights into network behavior, detect threats, and proactively mitigate attacks. Cisco Discussion, Exam 200-201 topic 1 question 11 discussion. Applies customized rules to prioritize alerts and automated responses for potential threats. In this article. An Advanced Security Information Model ( ASIM) schema is a set of fields that represent an activity. LogRhythm NextGen SIEM is a cloud-based service and it is very similar to Datadog, Logpoint, Exabeam, AlienVault, and QRadar. Log aggregation, therefore, is a step in the overall management process in. SIEM integration is the process of connecting security information and event management (SIEM) tools with your existing security modules for better coordination and deeper visibility into IT and cloud infrastructure. Correct Answer is A: SIEM vs SOAR - In short, SIEM aggregates and correlates data from multiple security systems to generate alerts while SOAR acts as the remediation and response. Detect and remediate security incidents quickly and for a lower cost of ownership. Normalization. Only thing to keep in mind is that the SCP export is really using the SCP protocol. Other functions include configuration, indexing via Search Service, data parsing and normalization via enrichment services, and correlation services. McAfee ESM — The core device of the McAfee SIEM solution and the primary device on. Definition of SIEM. Compiled Normalizer:- Cisco. The Security Event Manager's SIEM normalization and correlation features may be utilized to arrange log data for events and reports can be created simply. 3”. The vocabulary is called a taxonomy. The aggregation,. This enables you to easily correlate data for threat analysis and. , Snort, Zeek/bro), data analytics and EDR tools. Module 9: Advanced SIEM information model and normalization. While not every SIEM solution will collect, parse and normalize your data automatically, many do offer ongoing parsing to support multiple data types. The `file_keeper` service, primarily used for storing raw logs and then forwarding them to be indexed by the `indexsearcher` is often used in its default configuration. (2022). Applies customized rules to prioritize alerts and automated responses for potential threats. For more information, see the OSSEM reference documentation. Supports scheduled rule searches. You assign the asset and individuals involved with dynamic tags so you can assign each of those attributes with the case. . It also helps cyber security professionals to gain insights into the ongoing activities in their IT environments. The biggest challenge in collecting data in the context of SIEM is overcoming the variety of log formats. The primary objective is that all data stored is both efficient and precise. Products A-Z. Log Correlation and Threat IntelligenceIn this LogPoint SIEM How-To video, we will show you how to easily normalize log events and utilize LogPoint's unique Common Taxonomy. It enables you to detect, investigate, and respond in real-time while streamlining your security stack, minimizing unplanned downtime with increased transparency all in one platform. 6. In my previous post in this series, we discussed that a "SIEM" is defined as a group of complex technologies that together, provide a centralized bird's-eye-view into an infrastructure. Graylog (FREE PLAN) This log management package includes a SIEM service extension that is available in free and paid versions and has a cloud option. Normalization and Analytics. Just a interesting question. Security information and event management (SIEM) is a system that pulls event log data from various security tools to help security teams and businesses achieve holistic. Log normalization is the process of converting each log data field or entry to a standardized data representation and categorizing it consistently. Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems have been developed in response to help administrators to design security policies and manage events from different sources. SIEM products that are free and open source have lately gained favor. Application Security, currently in beta, provides protection against application-level threats by identifying and blocking attacks that target code-level vulnerabilities, such. So I received a JSON-event that didn’t normalise, due to that no normalization-package was enabled. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. "Note SIEM from multiple security systems". This is where one of the benefits of SIEM contributes: data normalization. Get started with Splunk for Security with Splunk Security Essentials (SSE). Normalization may require log records to include a set of standard metadata fields, such as labels that describe the environment where the event was generated and keywords to tag the event. MaxPatrol SIEM 6. SIEM definition. 2. The term SIEM was coined. In this work, we introduce parallelization to MA-SIEM by comparing two approaches of normalization, the first approach is the multi-thread approach that is used by current SIEM systems, and the. Download AlienVault OSSIM for free. What you do with your logs – correlation, alerting and automated response –. Time Normalization . Issues that plague deployments include difficulty identifying sources, lack of normalization capabilities, and complicated processes for adding support for new sources. As an easy-to-use cloud-native SIEM, Security Monitoring provides out-of-the-box security integrations and threat detection rules that are easy to extend and customize. The unifying parser name is _Im_<schema> for built-in parsers and im<schema> for workspace deployed parsers, where <schema> stands for the specific schema it serves. documentation and reporting. SIEM systems help enterprise security teams detect user behavior anomalies and use artificial intelligence (AI) to. In other words, you need the right tools to analyze your ingested log data. This article will discuss some techniques used for collecting and processing this information. . It can detect, analyze, and resolve cyber security threats quickly. In SIEM, collecting the log data only represents half the equation. SIEM is a software solution that helps monitor, detect, and alert security events. Parsing Normalization. The event logs such as multiple firewall source systems which gives alert events should be normalized to make SIEM more secure and efficient. After the file is downloaded, log on to the SIEM using an administrative account. SIEM Defined. Correct Answer is A: SIEM vs SOAR - In short, SIEM aggregates and correlates data from multiple security systems to generate alerts while SOAR acts as the remediation and response. documentation and reporting. Cloud Security Management Misconfigurations (CSM Misconfigurations) makes it easier to assess and visualize the current and historic security posture of your cloud resources, automate audit evidence collection, and remediate misconfigurations that leave your organization vulnerable to attacks. More open design enables the SIEM to process a wider range and higher volume of data. A. Log360 is a SIEM solution that helps combat threats on premises, in the cloud, or in a hybrid environment. . First, all Records are classified at a high level by Record Type. These components retrieve and forward logs from the respective sources to the SIEM platform, enabling it to process and analyze the data. Overview. The `file_keeper` service, primarily used for storing raw logs and then forwarding them to be indexed by the `indexsearcher` is often used in its default configuration. Learning Objectives. Investigate offensives & reduce false positive 7. So I received a JSON-event that didn’t normalise, due to that no normalization-package was enabled. SIEM typically allows for the following functions:. The Universal REST API fetcher provides a generic interface to fetch logs from cloud sources via REST APIs. AlienVault® OSSIM™ is a feature-rich, open-source security information and event management (SIEM) that includes event collection, normalization, and correlation. SIEM Defined. Security information and event management (SIEM) is a term used to describe solutions that help organizations address security issues and vulnerabilities before they disrupt operations. Normalization will look different depending on the type of data used. It collects data in a centralized platform, allowing you. d. SIEM stores, normalizes, aggregates, and applies analytics to that data to. Log aggregation is collecting logs from multiple computing systems, parsing them and extracting structured data, and putting them together in a format that is easily searchable and explorable by modern data tools. microsoft. It helps to monitor an ecosystem from cloud to on-premises, workstation,. Overview The Elastic Common Schema (ECS) can be used for SIEM, logging, APM, and more. 7. This meeting point represents the synergy between human expertise and technology automation. Categorization and Normalization. The final part of section 3 provides studentsAllows security staff to run queries on SIEM data, filter and pivot the data, to proactively uncover threats or vulnerabilities Incident Response Provides case management, collaboration and knowledge sharing around security incidents, allowing security teams to quickly synchronize on the essential data and respond to a threatOct 7, 2018. Here's what you can do to tune your SIEM solution: To feed the SIEM solution with the right data, ensure that you've enabled the right audit policies and fine-tuned them to generate exactly the data you need for security analysis and monitoring. What is SIEM? SIEM is short for Security Information and Event Management. OpenSource SIEM; Normalization and correlation; Advance threat detection; KFSensor. Students also studiedBy default, QRadar automatically detects log sources after a specific number of identifiable logs are received within a certain time frame. A log source is a data source such as a firewall or intrusion protection system (IPS) that creates an event log. Create Detection Rules for different security use cases. Various types of. This allows for common name forms among Active Directory, AWS, and fully qualified domain names to be normalized into a domain and username form. SIEM is an enhanced combination of both these approaches. However in some real life situations this might not be sufficient to deal with the type, and volume of logs being ingested into Lo. What is the SIEM process? The security incident and event management process: Collects security data from various sources such as operating systems, databases, applications, and proxies. Parsing makes the retrieval and searching of logs easier. SIEM is a centralized and robust cybersecurity solution that collects, aggregates, normalizes, categorizes, and analyzes log data. The number of systems supporting Syslog or CEF is. Detect threats, like a targeted attack, a threat intel listed IP communicating with your systems, or an insecure. The cloud sources can have multiple endpoints, and every configured source consumes one device license. Its scalable data collection framework unlocks visibility across the entire organization’s network. When events are normalized, the system normalizes the names as well. The cloud sources can have multiple endpoints, and every configured source consumes one device license. AlienVault OSSIM. Use a single dashboard to display DevOps content, business metrics, and security content. SIEMonster is a customizable and scalable SIEM software drawn from a collection of the best open-source and internally developed security tools, to provide a SIEM solution for everyone. Parsing and normalization maps log messages from different systems. While their capabilities are restricted (in comparison to their paid equivalents), they are widely used in small to medium-sized businesses. Normalization is at the core of every SIEM, and Microsoft Sentinel is no exception. The system aggregates data from all of the devices on a network to determine when and where a breach is happening. SIEM operates through a series of stages that include data collection, storage, event normalization, and correlation. It gathers data from various sources, analyzes it, and provides actionable insights for IT leaders. A CMS plugin creates two filters that are accessible from the Internet: myplugin. This becomes easier to understand once you assume logs turn into events, and events. Click Manual Update, browse to the downloaded Rule Update File, and click Upload. many SIEM solutions fall down. Again, if you want to use the ELK Stack for SIEM, you will need to leverage the parsing power of Logstash to process your data. Hi!I’m curious into how to collect logs from SCCM. Especially given the increased compliance regulations and increasing use of digital patient records,. [1] A modern SIEM manages events in a distributed manner for offloading the processing requirements of the log management system for tasks such as collecting, filtering, normalization, aggregation. Note: The normalized timestamps (in green) are extracted from the Log Message itself. 5. XDR helps coordinate SIEM, IDS and endpoint protection service. This makes it easier to extract important data from the logs and map it to standard fields in a database. Just a interesting question. OSSIM, AlienVault’s Open Source Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) product, provides event collection, normalization and correlation. AI-based SIEM is a technology that not only automates the complex processes of data aggregation and normalization but also enables proactive threat detection and response through machine learning and predictive analytics. Find your event source and click the View raw log link. SIEM tools evolved from the log management discipline and combine the SIM (Security. NextGen SIEMs heavily emphasize their open architectures. Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems have been widely deployed as a powerful tool to prevent, detect, and react against cyber-attacks. Going beyond threat detection and response, QRadar SIEM enables security teams face today’s threats proactively with advanced AI, powerful threat intelligence, and access to cutting-edge content to maximize analyst. Maybe LogPoint have a good function for this. parsing and enrichment of logs, as well as how the SIEM normalization and categorization processes work. View full document. After the file is downloaded, log on to the SIEM using an administrative account. Normalization is important in SIEM systems as it allows for the different log files to be processed into a readable and structured format. SIEM systems and detection engineering are not just about data and detection rules. SIEM event correlation is an essential part of any SIEM solution. Change Log. Potential normalization errors. The Splunk Common Information Model (CIM) is a shared semantic model focused on extracting value from data. . The enterprise SIEM is using Splunk Enterprise and it’s not free. 3. Security information and event management (SIEM) solutions use rules and statistical correlations to turn log entries and events from security systems into actionable information. SIEM event normalization is utopia. The CIM add-on contains a. Part of this includes normalization. Data Normalization – All of the different technology across your environment generates a ton of data in many different formats. then turns to the parsing and enrichment of logs, as well as how the SIEM normalization and categorization processes work. A Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) solution collects log data from numerous sources within your technical infrastructure. This popularity is demonstrated by SIEM’s growing market size, which is currently touching. The Rule/Correlation Engine phase is characterized. There are three primary benefits to normalization. It aggregates and analyzes log data from across your network applications, systems, and devices, making it possible to discover security threats and malicious patterns of behaviors that otherwise go unnoticed and can lead to compromise or data loss. Normalization is beneficial in databases to reduce the amount of memory taken up and improve performance of the database. So to my question. Navigate to the Security SettingsLocal PoliciesUser Rights Management folder, and then double-click Generate security audits. With the help of automation, enterprises can use SIEM systems to streamline many of the manual processes involved in detecting threats and. It helps to monitor an ecosystem from cloud to on-premises, workstation,. A mobile agent-based security information and event management architecture that uses mobile agents for near real-time event collection and normalization on the source device and shows that MA-SIEM systems are more efficient than existing SIEM systems because they leave the SIEM resources primarily dedicated to advanced. United States / English. Tuning is the process of configuring your SIEM solution to meet those organizational demands. With its ability to wrangle data into tables, it can reduce redundancy whilst enhancing efficiency. Uses analytics to detect threats. 5. When performing a search or scheduling searches, this will. The event logs such as multiple firewall source systems which gives alert events should be normalized to make SIEM more secure and efficient. Which of the following is NOT one of the main types of log collection for SIEM?, Evaluate the functions of a Network-Based Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) and conclude which statements are. The process of normalization is a critical facet of the design of databases. A real SFTP server won’t work, you need SSH permission on the. In fact, the benefits of SIEM tools as centralized logging solutions for compliance reporting are so significant that some businesses deploy SIEMs primarily to streamline their compliance reporting. Security information and event management (SIEM) is defined as a security solution that helps improve security awareness and identify security threats and risks. Parsing is the first step in the Cloud SIEM Record processing pipeline — it is the process of creating a set of key-value pairs that reflect all of the information in an incoming raw message. To exploit the vulnerability, one must send an HTTP POST with specific variables to exploitable. As normalization for a SIEM platform improves, false positives decrease, and detection power increases. Navigate to the Security SettingsLocal PoliciesUser Rights Management folder, and then double-click Generate security audits. By continuously surfacing security weaknesses. SIEM (pronounced like “sim” from “simulation”), which stands for Security Information and Event Management, was conceived of as primarily a log aggregation device. The Open Source Security Events Metadata (OSSEM) is a community-led project that focuses primarily on the documentation and standardization of security event logs from diverse data sources and operating systems. In general, SIEM combines the following: Log and Event Management Systems, Security Event Correlation and Normalization, and Analytics. On the Local Security Setting tab, verify that the ADFS service account is listed. 0 views•7 slides. It covers all sorts of intrusion detection data including antivirus events, malware activity, firewall logs, and other issues bringing it all into one centralized platform for real-time analysis. Popular SIEM offerings include Splunk, ArcSight, Elastic, Exabeam, and Sumo Logic. Correlating among the data types that. com. With intuitive, high-performance analytics, enhanced collection, and a seamless incident response workflow, LogRhythm SIEM helps your organization uncover threats, mitigate attacks, and comply with necessary mandates. Of course, the data collected from throughout your IT environment can present its own set of challenges. QRadar is IBM's SIEM product. Bandwidth and storage. SIEM stands for security information and event management. Webcast Series: Catch the Bad Guys with SIEM. All NFR Products (Hardware must be purchased with the first year of Hardware technical support. QRadar accepts events from log sources by using protocols such as syslog, syslog-tcp, and SNMP. Donate now to contribute to the Siem Lelum Community Centre !A SIEM solution, at its root, is a log management platform that also performs security analytics and alerting, insider risk mitigation, response automation, threat hunting, and compliance management. log. Let’s call that an adorned log. Available for Linux, AWS, and as a SaaS package. Azure Sentinel can detect and respond to threats due to its in-built artificial intelligence. SIEM tools aggregate log data, security alerts, and events into a centralized platform to provide real-time analysis for security monitoring. In our newest piece by Logpoint blackbelt, Swachchhanda Shrawan Poudel you can read about the best practices and tips&tricks to detect and remediate illegitimate Crypto-Mining Activity with Logpoint. SIEM tools use normalization engines to ensure all the logs are in a standard format. LOG NORMALIZATION The importance of a Log Normalizer is prevalently seen in the Security Information Event Management (SIEM) system implementation. Detect and remediate security incidents quickly and for a lower cost of ownership. then turns to the parsing and enrichment of logs, as well as how the SIEM normalization and categorization processes work. Students also studiedSIEM and log management definitions. Data Aggregation and Normalization. Security information and event management (SIEM) is a term used to describe solutions that help organizations address security issues and vulnerabilities before they disrupt operations. Data normalization, enrichment, and reduction are just the tip of the iceberg. SOC analysts rely heavily on SIEM as a central tool for monitoring and investigating security events. An XDR system can provide correlated, normalized information, based on massive amounts of data. d. SIEM, or Security Information and Event Management, is a type of software solution that provides threat detection, real-time security analytics, and incident response to organizations. 123 likes. SIEM platforms aggregate historical log data and real-time alerts from security solutions and IT systems like email servers, web. troubleshoot issues and ensure accurate analysis. Parsing Normalization. These topics give a complete view of what happens from the moment a log is generated to when it shows up in our security tools. Exabeam SIEM delivers limitless scale to ingest, parse, store, search, and report on petabytes of data — from everywhere. This normalization process involves processing the logs into a readable and. 1. When using ASIM in your queries, use unifying parsers to combine all sources, normalized to the same schema, and query them using normalized fields. g. Not only should a SIEM solution provide broad, automated out-of-box support for data sources, it should have an extensible framework to SIEM Solutions from McAfee 1 SIEM Solutions from McAfee Monitor. Out-of-the-box reports also make it easier to identify risks and events relating to security and help IT professionals to develop appropriate preventative measures. the event of attacks. As stated prior, quality reporting will typically involve a range of IT applications and data sources. ·.